优秀茶艺师是如何培养出来的？茶艺行业如今发展得如何

温杯、洁具、赏茶、投茶、冲泡、出汤、分杯、奉茶……伴随着舒缓优雅的音乐，茶艺师廖雪花端坐于茶几一侧，目光祥和、动作轻柔。在她纤细而优美的手姿中，原本繁杂琐屑的茶艺流程，如行云流水般舞动起来，娴熟悠然，一气呵成，台下观者莫不投来欣羡目光。

优秀茶艺师是如何培养出来的？茶艺行业如今发展得如何？这些问题的答案，都蕴含在兴起的职业教育发展大潮中。

“烫出来”的茶艺师 成为人大代表

如何泡出一杯好茶？这个问题看似简单，实则复杂。从陆羽《茶经》对唐代煮茶法进行了一系列规范，到宋代文人雅士之间流行“斗茶”，把茶艺精细化进行研究，再到明朝朱元璋废团改散，盛行散茶冲泡……中国人逐渐形成功夫茶的饮用方式。由此，茶艺也成为中国茶文化的重要载体之一。如今，茶艺行业发展得如何？茶艺师最清楚。

“茶艺改变了我的人生轨迹。”八马茶业首席茶艺师廖雪花对《中国新闻》报说道。

福建安溪是廖雪花的故乡，也是中国名茶铁观音的故乡。15岁时，廖雪花进入安溪茶业职业技术学校，选择茶艺专业；18岁，她步入职场成为一名普通的茶艺师；2018年，廖雪花在业内一举成名；25岁时，她当选泉州市人大代表，是代表团里屈指可数的“95后”。

“好多人刚接触茶艺，要过的第一道槛，就是拿盖碗时避免烫手。茶叶要开水冲泡，当年我在茶校练习茶艺，冲泡时手指也被烫红，甚至烫伤过。虽然说，拿盖碗是有技巧，但要避免烫手，很难！这是必修课。”在廖雪花看来，某种程度上，好茶艺是烫出来的，“学茶艺时要全身心投入，将一个枯燥动作反复练习，成百上千次，日复一日不间断，才能学有所成。要想学好茶艺，没有捷径可走”。

3000亿大市场 高级茶艺师供不应求

廖雪花的高光时刻起步于职业教育。如何培养出更多的“廖雪花”，答案仍在职业教育。

根据中国茶叶流通协会发布的《中国茶叶消费市场报告》显示，2021年，全国茶叶内销总量突破230万吨，内销总额跃升至3000亿元。中国茶行业快速发展，茶企如雨后春笋般蓬勃生发，门店扩张迅猛，茶艺师人才缺口急剧增大。

“个别地方的一些门店，即使出高薪聘请高级茶艺师，也往往出现一人难求的情况。”深圳八马茶业培训学校负责人焦杨表示。

焦杨所在的八马茶业培训学校，成立于2010年，属于民办职业培训机构，主要从事初中高级茶艺师及初中高评茶员的培训教育。从2019年开始，该校迎来发展新阶段，通过线上、线下相结合的方式，先后培训过数万名学员。这些学员来自五湖四海，跨越不同年龄段、不同社会圈层，既有企业高管、也有职场新人，甚至有中小学生。

“他们学艺，或是出于对茶文化的浓厚兴趣，或是出于对职场的提薪诉求。学员中占比最高的还是茶企在职员工。”焦杨说，“参加专业的茶艺培训，考取茶艺师资格证，成为他们提升职业技能、职场进阶的重要手段之一。”

据焦杨介绍，学校培训过的学员，有的晋升直营门店店长，有的逆袭为区域销售能手，有的彻底爱上茶行业，回到二三线城市自立门户，开茶叶店当老板。

“爱茶人”再就业 拿资格证书“技能满点”

“参加学校茶艺培训课程，学费可以申请政府补贴，对工作又有帮助，何乐而不为？”潮汕人薛如婷是一个“90后”，曾为一家花店的店主。2020年，受疫情影响，她的花店倒闭，后来步入茶行业。

薛如婷的经历也是职业教育促进社会就业的缩影。

刚公布的2022年《政府工作报告》提到，今年将继续开展大规模职业技能培训，使用1000亿元失业保险基金支持稳岗和培训，让更多劳动者掌握一技之长，让“三百六十行”行行人才辈出。

作为八马茶业培训学校的新学员，薛如婷介绍，在课程中，茶文化基础知识、茶叶基础知识、茶艺礼仪与接待、服务与销售及茶艺准备与演示都是必学内容；此外，教授茶艺实操，还要根据不同茶类特性，介绍盖碗、紫砂壶、玻璃杯等不同器具的冲泡技巧。

“我的目标越来越高，接下来是高级茶艺师。”在通过初级茶艺师考试后，薛如婷对未来职业发展更有信心，“现在年轻人不愿做茶艺师，感觉工作挺累，因为要学很多技能——插花、茶艺、礼仪、销售等等。但我个人喜欢茶，反而觉得学了这些技能后，个人发展更全面了”。

同为潮汕人的周佳莉，是八马茶业学校早期学员，已拿过评茶员和茶艺师两个国家初级资格证书，也曾参加在深圳举办的斗茶大会，获得第三名。

“拿证与没拿证是有差别的。”已经升任店长的周佳莉说，“茶企、茶叶店招聘茶艺师，证件等级是很重要的参考因素，如果是高级茶艺师，工资肯定更高，因为你的专业性更强。”

为更好地传承茶文化 民资办职教亟需引导规范

“市场需要什么样的人才，我们就培养什么样的人才。”在焦杨看来，民营企业办职业教育，最大优势就是直接对接市场，减少做无用功。

事实上，民企办职校已成为近年来的社会热门话题。2021年5月，中国教育部发布修订后的《中华人民共和国民办教育促进法实施条例》，积极鼓励社会力量举办民办职业教育。包括鼓励企业以独资、合资、合作等方式举办或参与举办实施职业教育的民办学校。

今年两会期间，全国政协委员河北省工商联主席刘劲松也对媒体表示，要引导职业教育社会化市场化办学，引导民营企业参与和举办职业教育。

针对茶艺职业教育领域的未来发展，身为资深从业者的焦杨建议，政府应鼓励引导有条件、有能力的知名茶企，建立完善、系统的茶艺师职业培训体系；支持一些茶业发展势头良好的地区，引入高级茶艺师人才，提供更多激励机制，提升茶艺师群体的福祉及社会地位，进而刺激更多年轻人乐于从事茶艺事业。

投身茶艺行业也是在传承文化。廖雪花说，“茶艺不单只是年轻人的一种择业手段，它更是演绎茶文化的重要载体，甚至于说，茶艺师的存在，就是为了让更多的人愿意去了解茶，接触到茶背后悠久的文化传统”。

正因为茶艺教育承担传承茶文化的使命，焦杨呼吁政府有关部门应加强行业监管和引导，“社会上有一些人利用茶艺师培训热度，投机逐利，随便注册公司，就成立茶艺培训机构。由于缺乏监管，课程粗制滥造，为迎合考证需求而大肆牟利，拉低茶艺师职业教育培训的整体水准，长此以往，必然对行业带来不良影响”。

焦杨说，目前应提升茶艺培训机构教师的从业资格门槛。从事茶艺培训的教师，必须专业技能过硬、专业知识够强，才能教出好学生，为社会输送所需的茶艺人才。

Warming the cup, sanitary ware, enjoying tea, pouring tea, brewing, making soup, dividing cups, serving tea... Accompanied by soothing and elegant music, tea artist Liao Xuehua sat on the side of the coffee table with peaceful eyes and gentle movements. In her slender and graceful hand posture, the originally complicated and tedious tea art process danced like flowing water, skillfully and leisurely, in one go, all the audiences under the stage cast envious glances.

How is an excellent tea artist like Liao Xuehua cultivated? How is the tea art industry developing now? The answers to these questions are contained in the rising tide of vocational education development.

The "hot" tea master becomes the representative of the National People's Congress

How to make a good cup of tea? This question may seem simple, but it is actually complicated. From Lu Yu's "Tea Classic", a series of regulations on the tea making method in the Tang Dynasty were carried out, to the popular "tea fight" among scholars and scholars in the Song Dynasty, and the refinement of tea art was studied, and then to Zhu Yuanzhang in the Ming Dynasty Brewing... Chinese people gradually developed the way of drinking Kung Fu tea. As a result, tea art has also become one of the important carriers of Chinese tea culture. How is the tea art industry developing today? Tea masters know best.

"Tea art has changed the trajectory of my life." Liao Xuehua, chief tea artist of Bama Tea Industry, told China News.

Anxi, Fujian is the hometown of Liao Xuehua and the hometown of Tieguanyin, a famous Chinese tea. At the age of 15, Liao Xuehua entered Anxi Tea Industry Vocational and Technical School and chose the major of tea art; at the age of 18, she entered the workplace and became an ordinary tea artist; in 2018, Liao Xuehua became famous in the industry; at the age of 25, she was elected to Quanzhou The representative of the Municipal People's Congress is one of the few "post-95s" in the delegation.

"Many people are new to tea art, and the first hurdle they have to pass is to avoid burning their hands when holding the bowl. Tea needs to be brewed with boiling water. When I practiced tea art at a tea school, my fingers were burned red or even burned during brewing. Although It is said that there are skills in holding a bowl, but it is difficult to avoid hot hands! This is a compulsory course.” In Liao Xuehua’s view, to a certain extent, good tea art is hot. A boring movement can be practiced repeatedly, hundreds of times, day after day, without interruption, in order to learn something. There is no shortcut to learn tea art well.”

The 300 billion market is in short supply of senior tea masters

Liao Xuehua's bright moment started in vocational education. How to cultivate more "Liao Xuehua", the answer is still in vocational education.

According to the "China Tea Consumption Market Report" released by the China Tea Circulation Association, in 2021, the total domestic sales of tea in the country will exceed 2.3 million tons, and the total domestic sales will jump to 300 billion yuan. China's tea industry is developing rapidly, tea companies have sprung up like mushrooms after a spring rain, stores are expanding rapidly, and the shortage of tea experts has increased sharply.

"In some stores in some places, even if they hire senior tea masters with high salaries, it is often difficult to find one person." Jiao Yang, head of Shenzhen Bama Tea Industry Training School, said.

The Bama Tea Industry Training School, where Jiao Yang works, was established in 2010 and is a private vocational training institution. Since 2019, the school has ushered in a new stage of development. It has trained tens of thousands of students through a combination of online and offline methods. These students come from all over the world, spanning different age groups and social circles, including corporate executives, newcomers in the workplace, and even primary and secondary school students.

"They learn art, either because of their strong interest in tea culture, or because of their demands for a salary increase in the workplace. The highest proportion of the students are still employees of tea companies." Jiao Yang said, "Participate in professional tea art training. , and obtaining the tea art teacher qualification certificate has become one of the important means for them to improve their vocational skills and advance in the workplace."

According to Jiao Yang, some of the students trained by the school have been promoted to store managers of directly-operated stores, some have become regional sales experts, and some have completely fallen in love with the tea industry. .

"Tea lover" re-employment, get qualification certificate "full of skills"

"Participating in school tea art training courses, tuition fees can apply for government subsidies, and it is helpful for work, why not do it?" Chaoshan native Xue Ruting is a "post-90s" who used to be the owner of a flower shop. In 2020, affected by the epidemic, her flower shop closed down and later entered the tea industry.

Xue Ruting's experience is also the epitome of vocational education promoting social employment.

The just-announced 2022 "Government Work Report" mentioned that large-scale vocational skills training will be continued this year, and 100 billion yuan of unemployment insurance funds will be used to support job stabilization and training, so that more workers can master one skill, and "360 billion yuan" will be used. "Going" has a lot of talents.

As a new student of Bama Tea Industry Training School, Xue Ruting introduced that in the course, basic knowledge of tea culture, basic knowledge of tea, tea etiquette and reception, service and sales, and preparation and demonstration of tea art are all compulsory subjects; in addition, tea art is taught. In practice, according to the characteristics of different tea types, the brewing skills of different utensils such as gaiwan, purple clay pot and glass cup are introduced.

"My goals are getting higher and higher, and the next step is to become a senior tea master." After passing the junior tea master exam, Xue Ruting is more confident about her future career development, "Nowadays, young people are reluctant to be tea masters, and they feel that work is very tiring, because There are a lot of skills to learn - flower arrangement, tea art, etiquette, sales, etc. But I personally like tea and feel that after learning these skills, my personal development is more comprehensive".

Zhou Jiali, who is also from Chaoshan, is an early student of Bama Tea Industry School. She has obtained two national primary qualification certificates for tea judges and tea art teachers. She also participated in the tea competition held in Shenzhen and won the third place.

"There is a difference between getting a certificate and not getting a certificate." Zhou Jiali, who has been promoted to the store manager, said, "Tea companies and tea shops recruit tea artists, and the level of the certificate is an important reference factor. If it is a senior tea artist, the salary will definitely be higher. , because you are more professional."

In order to better inherit the tea culture, private-funded vocational education urgently needs guidance and norms

"What kind of talents the market needs, we will cultivate what kind of talents." In Jiao Yang's view, the biggest advantage of private enterprises in running vocational education is to directly connect with the market and reduce useless efforts.

In fact, private enterprises running vocational schools have become a hot topic in the society in recent years. In May 2021, the Ministry of Education of China issued the revised "Implementation Regulations of the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Promotion of Private Education" to actively encourage social forces to hold private vocational education. This includes encouraging enterprises to host or participate in private schools that implement vocational education through sole proprietorship, joint venture, cooperation, etc.

During the two sessions this year, Liu Jinsong, chairman of the Hebei Provincial Federation of Industry and Commerce, a member of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, also told the media that it is necessary to guide vocational education to be socialized and market-oriented, and to guide private enterprises to participate in and organize vocational education.

Aiming at the future development of tea art vocational education, Jiao Yang, a senior practitioner, suggested that the government should encourage and guide qualified and capable well-known tea companies to establish a complete and systematic vocational training system for tea art teachers; support some tea industry development momentum In good areas, the introduction of high-level tea master talents will provide more incentive mechanisms to improve the well-being and social status of the tea master group, thereby stimulating more young people to engage in the tea career.

Joining the tea art industry is also inheriting culture. Liao Xuehua said, "Tea art is not only a means of choosing a career for young people, it is also an important carrier for the interpretation of tea culture. It is even said that the existence of tea art masters is to make more people willing to understand tea and come into contact with tea. A long-standing cultural tradition behind it.”

Because tea art education undertakes the mission of inheriting tea culture, Jiao Yang called on relevant government departments to strengthen industry supervision and guidance, "There are some people in the society who take advantage of the popularity of tea art teacher training, speculate for profit, register companies casually, and set up tea art training institutions. Due to the lack of supervision, the courses are shoddy, and they make huge profits in order to meet the needs of research and certification, which will lower the overall level of vocational education and training for tea art teachers.

Jiao Yang said that at present, the qualification threshold of teachers in tea art training institutions should be raised. Teachers who are engaged in tea art training must have strong professional skills and professional knowledge in order to teach good students and deliver the needed tea art talents to the society.