茶道艺术

茶事讲究

日本茶道已成为他们鲜明文化色彩的一个符号，关于日本茶道的轮廓与片段，大家在影视剧中多少有见过，但日本茶事是如何具体进行的呢？

首先茶室不能单以屋子定义，它是配合茶道而独成一体的艺术品。茶道作为一种精神上的修行，并不鼓励人多，而注重主客之间的精神交流。客人与主人相对而坐，在静寂的空间中，一边聆听着釜中沸水的声音，一边感受着和敬清寂的境界。

古人有“三时茶”的说法，即考虑三顿饭的时间，分为朝茶、正午、夜晚。茶事的时间，以四小时为标准。拖长了的话，客人们会因为疲倦而开始闲谈。而若时间太短，则客人来不及体会出茶事的幽雅意境。

具体的茶事顺序时段如下：更衣，观赏茶庭、初茶、茶食、中立、浓茶、后炭、薄茶、退出。初坐一小时四十分钟，后坐一小时二十分。一场茶会，共计四个小时，茶，始于形，会于心。“形”周而复始，但置身其中的每一瞬间都是独特的。日本茶事纷繁琐碎，每一处细枝末节，都能给人涓涓如流水般的感动。

崇尚美学

日本茶道有七大美学特征：缺陷、简素、枯槁、自然、幽玄、脱俗、静寂。

日本茶道虽追求精神上的“一心”，但却倡导面对现实生活的不完美。比如，茶碗从造型到色彩，常常不对称或釉没足色，茶室中的花或挂轴多是参差不齐。日本茶道认为，缺陷的美是一种奇数单一的美。就如中国书法中的行草，有一种看似不整齐规范的奇美。

日本茶道文化的基本元素之一，是禅宗的“无”。比如茶室的建筑简单纯朴就地取材，粗木简瓦搭成。庭中只有树木而无花草，茶室中的挂画也多为水墨淡彩的山水之作。茶庭和茶室，没有绚烂只有素雅，这种简单的素美深处，蕴藏着枯淡的清寂之美。

枯槁之美，即毫无感觉的空白澄明，枯老中的孤高。茶室中常常见到挂轴中的书法或画墨迹淡薄，或者茶盒老旧斑剥，有种枯槁之状，但却令人感悟一种枯中沉淀的力量。

自然之美，无心，无念，无识。茶客相视深礼一敬，彼此流露出来的平常心态，为自然之美。日本茶道文化中，视人为做作的行为不美。所以从茶到茶人的行为，皆追求自然状态。

幽玄之美，一种无限深幽的意境之美。比如，在幽暗茶室中，简单的眼神和无言的会意，有种心领神会的幽深玄美。幽玄，不是阴暗沉郁之气氛，而是沉静中的寂落之美。

脱俗之美，踏入茶庭，走过碎石板路，进茶室入座，这一过程是种短暂脱离红尘俗世的忘我之境。放下尘念，远离喧闹，进入神清心宁的境地。茶道追求的脱俗之美，不是不食人间烟火，而是让疲倦的身心得以短暂的净化，再以清新的“我”回到日常俗世中前行。

沉稳、安静、平和，对日常中的“我”内省内悟，也是日本茶道文化的元素之一。茶道的开始和完结，时常在一种无言的静寂中展落。从茶师到茶客到茶具到挂轴到茶花，均以静为旨，静中品味动美。窗外的风声雨声鸟声，室内的水沸滚动声和茶师手中竹刷的轻动做声，众静皆一动过程中的寂美，是红尘俗人在日常中忘知忘觉的美感。

日本茶道文化的多重属性，构成了茶道文化久经不衰的生命力，也成就了茶道文化的精神——清敬和寂。

种类多样

日本人对茶的钟爱程度，一点不比中国人低。中国的茶道在唐代就十分流行，后来日本人在茶道基础上进行改良，培育出适合日本人特点的茶道。但是日本人都喝什么茶呢？

在日本，大多数生产出来的都是绿茶，这种茶叶用蒸汽来制作而成，主要是在文火下烧烤后，然后直接在阳光下暴晒。这种茶做出来之后，翠绿喜人。而在中国，这种茶因为可以煎可以炒，也相当有市场。在中国大家都爱喝热茶，但日本人是冷热都能喝。

日本烘焙茶的历史也源远流长，因为在一百多年前的京都就流行这种茶。这种茶不仅味道浓郁，而且耐储存，口感独到。

在日本和韩国的很多地方，当地百姓都爱喝凉开的麦茶，因为只要将麦子炒熟之后，就能食用。只要在热水里浸泡一下，就能尝到十分美味的茶的味道。不仅如此，麦茶还可以通肠道利消化，在日本很受中老年人欢迎。

在日本，乌龙茶也很受人们喜欢。因为乌龙茶有减低血压美容养颜的功效，可谓老少皆宜。当然，乌龙茶在中国的名气也是响当当的，而在广东地区，品尝这种茶叶的传统更是可以追溯到几千年前。这种茶叶最初是在中国，后来出口到新加坡和东南亚等国家。

中国人喝茶是品尝茶的本质本味。英国人把茶当牛奶“知己”，日本人喝茶有许多仪式，与茶主题无关，似乎意在茶外。或许喝什么无所谓，重要是喝出什么感觉吧！

Tea matters

The Japanese tea ceremony has become a symbol of their distinctive cultural colors. You have seen the outlines and fragments of the Japanese tea ceremony in movies and TV dramas, but how does the Japanese tea ceremony take place?

First of all, the tea room cannot be defined by the room alone, it is a work of art that is integrated with the tea ceremony. As a spiritual practice, the tea ceremony does not encourage crowds, but focuses on the spiritual exchange between the host and the guest. The guests sit opposite the host, and in the quiet space, while listening to the sound of boiling water in the kettle, they feel the state of peace and tranquility.

The ancients have a saying of "three o'clock tea", that is, considering the time of three meals, it is divided into morning tea, noon and night. The tea time is four hours as the standard. If it's too long, the guests will start chatting out of tiredness. If the time is too short, the guests will not have time to experience the elegant mood of the tea ceremony.

The specific tea time sequence is as follows: changing clothes, watching the tea garden, first tea, tea food, neutral, strong tea, back charcoal, thin tea, exit. The first sitting is one hour and forty minutes, and the second one is one hour and twenty minutes. A tea party lasts for four hours. Tea begins with form and meets with heart. "Shape" repeats itself, but every moment in it is unique. The tea affairs in Japan are complicated and trivial, and every detail can move people like flowing water.

Advocating aesthetics

The Japanese tea ceremony has seven aesthetic characteristics: imperfect, simple, withered, natural, mysterious, refined, and quiet.

Although Japanese tea ceremony pursues spiritual "one mind", it advocates facing the imperfections of real life. For example, the shape and color of tea bowls are often asymmetrical or the glaze is not enough, and the flowers or hanging scrolls in the tea room are mostly uneven. The Japanese tea ceremony believes that the beauty of imperfection is an odd singular beauty. Just like the cursive in Chinese calligraphy, there is a strange beauty that seems to be irregular and standardized.

One of the basic elements of Japanese tea ceremony culture is the "nothingness" of Zen. For example, the building of the tea room is simple and simple, made of local materials, made of rough wood and simple tiles. There are only trees and no flowers and plants in the courtyard, and most of the paintings in the tea room are landscape works of ink and light colors. There is no splendor but only elegance in the tea garden and tea room. In the depths of this simple plain beauty, there is the beauty of dryness and silence.

The beauty of the withered, that is, the blank and clear without feeling, the loneliness in the withered old. In the tea room, the calligraphy or painting on the hanging scroll is often seen with thin ink, or the tea box is old and peeled, which has a withered look, but it makes people feel a kind of power that precipitates in the withered.

The beauty of nature, without heart, without thought, without consciousness. The tea guests looked at each other and bowed deeply, and the normal mentality revealed by each other was the beauty of nature. In Japanese tea ceremony culture, it is not beautiful to regard people as contrived. Therefore, from tea to the behavior of tea people, they all pursue the natural state.

The beauty of the mysterious, a kind of infinitely deep beauty of artistic conception. For example, in the dark tea room, simple eyes and silent understanding, there is a kind of deep and mysterious beauty. Youxuan is not a gloomy and gloomy atmosphere, but the beauty of serenity in silence.

Refined beauty, stepping into the tea court, walking through the gravel road, entering the tea room and taking a seat, this process is a kind of ecstasy that temporarily escapes from the mundane world. Let go of the dust, stay away from the noise, and enter a state of peace of mind. The refined beauty pursued by the tea ceremony is not to not eat the fireworks of the world, but to purify the tired body and mind for a short time, and then return to the daily world with a fresh "I".

Calm, quiet, peaceful, and introspective to the "I" in daily life are also one of the elements of Japanese tea ceremony culture. The beginning and the end of the tea ceremony often unfold in a silent silence. From the tea master to the tea customer to the tea set to the hanging scroll to the camellia, the purpose is to be still, and to taste the beauty in the stillness. The sound of wind, rain and birds outside the window, the rolling sound of water in the room, and the light movement of the bamboo brush in the hands of the tea master, all are the quiet beauty in the process of moving, which is the beauty of the ordinary people in the world who forget their senses and senses in their daily lives.

The multiple attributes of Japanese tea ceremony culture constitute the enduring vitality of tea ceremony culture and the spirit of tea ceremony culture—respect and silence.

Variety

The Japanese love tea is no less than the Chinese. The Chinese tea ceremony was very popular in the Tang Dynasty. Later, the Japanese improved on the basis of the tea ceremony and cultivated a tea ceremony suitable for the characteristics of the Japanese. But what kind of tea do Japanese drink?

In Japan, most of what is produced is green tea, which is made with steam, mainly after being grilled over a simmer and then exposed directly to the sun. After this tea is made, the green color is delightful. In China, this kind of tea is quite popular because it can be fried or fried. Everyone in China loves to drink hot tea, but the Japanese can drink it both hot and cold.

Japanese roasted tea also has a long history, as it was popular in Kyoto more than 100 years ago. This tea is not only rich in flavor, but also shelf-stable and unique in taste.

In many places in Japan and Korea, local people love to drink cold-brewed barley tea, because it can be eaten as long as the wheat is cooked. Just soak it in hot water, and you can taste the very delicious tea. Not only that, barley tea can also be digested through the intestines, which is very popular among middle-aged and elderly people in Japan.

In Japan, oolong tea is also very popular. Because oolong tea has the effect of reducing blood pressure and beauty, it can be said to be suitable for all ages. Of course, oolong tea is famous in China, and in Guangdong, the tradition of tasting this tea goes back thousands of years. This tea was originally made in China and later exported to countries such as Singapore and Southeast Asia.

Chinese people drink tea is the essence of the taste of tea. The British regard tea as a "confidant" of milk. The Japanese have many rituals for drinking tea, which have nothing to do with the theme of tea, and seem to be outside of the tea. Maybe it doesn't matter what you drink, what matters is how you feel!