中国上千个县城

在中国上千个县城里，还有不少低调的县，默默地用特色产业承包了全国人民的生活需求，无论你走到哪里，都离不开它们的存在。

一场“宁要曹县一张床，不要上海一套房”的狂欢，让人们关注到了山东曹县的汉服和棺材产业。其实，在中国上千个县城里，还有不少低调的县，默默地用特色产业承包了全国人民的生活需求，无论你走到哪里，都离不开它们的存在。

01

中国县城，可以有多强

没有北上广繁华，不如大湾区上流，中国的小县城一向远离互联网的话题中心，即便一时火出圈，也离不开“土”和“穷”的标签。

不过，中国县城要是努力起来，一帮省会城市都得自愧不如。

根据赛迪顾问发布的《2020 中国县域经济百强研究》，2019 年，江苏昆山市以突破 4000 亿元的 GDP 荣登强县 C 位，一举超过兰州市、呼和浩特市等省会城市的 GDP 。2020 年，昆山市 GDP 继续稳步增长，达到 4276.76 亿元。

庞大的地区生产总值背后，经济的快速增长离不开对工业制造的依赖。这个全中国最强的县，连续十余年称霸百县榜首，靠的是哪些产业？

不同于包含在 GDP 中的工业增加值，工业产值对产业发展总水平的体现更为直观。在昆山，最大的产业集群是工业产值达到千亿级的 IT 产业。

提到 IT，人们往往只知道“中国硅谷”深圳。但早在 1995 年，全球排名前五位的笔电生产商就陆续到昆山设厂，很快形成了完整的 IT 产业链。

2010 年前后，昆山笔记本电脑生产达到了鼎盛期，全球每三台电脑就有一台昆山制造。但随着笔电制造的转型升级，昆山经历了一场产能转移的阵痛。

十年过去，昆山虽然不再是全球最大的笔记本电脑生产基地，但却集聚了一批电子信息高端企业，发展成中国乃至全球重要的电子信息生产基地之一。

2020 年，昆山市工业总产值首次突破万亿元，成为中国工业总产值“万亿俱乐部”中的首个县级市。这其中，有一半都是 IT 产业的功劳。

02

华东三省

靠这些县域产业出圈

说完江苏昆山，就不能不提强县云集的华东三省。作为制造业大省，“散装”江苏并非浪得虚名，在百强县中斩获了 1/4 的席位，二三名则是浙江和山东。

拥有百强县最多的三个省份，有哪些过人之处？答案也许就藏在各具特色的县域产业带里。

我们统计了阿里巴巴全国近 200 条产业带中的县级产业带，电商市场上热度排名第一的是浙江义乌产业带。被称为“世界超市”的义乌市，凭借小商品经济闻名天下。

义乌隔壁，诸暨市大唐镇被称为“中国袜业之乡”，这里袜子的年产量占全国的 70%，全球的 30%。因盛产珍珠而闻名的诸暨山下湖镇，则是世界最大的淡水珍珠生产、加工、集散中心。

温州下辖的永嘉县籍籍无名，却在鞋服领域拥有奥康、报喜鸟、红蜻蜓三大上市企业。此外，永嘉还是“中国纽扣之都”，永嘉桥头镇的一家纽扣工厂每天可以制造 200 万至 300 万颗纽扣，全球超过六成的纽扣都来自这里。

另一个“全球冠军”隐藏在江苏扬州的杭集镇，这里是世界上最大的酒店日用品生产基地。

无论入住五星级酒店还是快捷连锁，你总能在一次性牙具的包装上看到扬州杭集的产地名。知名牙膏品牌两面针和高露洁，都在杭集镇驻扎阵地。

2016 年，杭集镇生产的牙刷在国内市场占有率 80% 以上，国际市场占有率 30% 以上。也就是说，全球每三支牙刷，就有一支来自杭集。

在山东，除了众所周知的“全日本 90% 的棺材产自曹县”，山东的县域还是以机械制造业为主。即墨的汽车装备、滕州的中小数控机床都被列入了 2021 年度山东省特色产业集群名单。

03

这些县城

承包了你的衣食住行

在中国，乡镇企业规模壮大和空间集聚，进而推动各类产业集群的形成，是县域特色产业发展的主要模式。

除了华东三个强省的县城，还有很多县域有着自己独特的产业集群，它们未必能创造多大的工业产值，但却承包了人们的日常生活。

比如，因为撤县设区而导致百强县榜单中排名靠后的广东省，制造业其实并不弱。

改革开放初期，从香港流入的新潮服饰在虎门“洋货一条街”上售卖，吸引了来自周边街镇的一众顾客，虎门的服装贸易就此声名鹊起，至今维持着全国第一的服饰产业规模。

除了鼎鼎大名的“中国家电之都”顺德和“中国灯饰之都”中山古镇，广东还有一些让小朋友两眼发光的王者产业。

位于广东汕头的澄海，被誉为中国玩具市场的“晴雨表”和“风向标”。这里的玩具产业带年产值超 500 亿元，超过七成出口国外。

上世纪 90 年代，台湾厂商从日本引进了抓娃娃机的生产技术，把生产车间搬到了租金和人工成本更低的广东番禺，抓娃娃机自此进入中国。

如今，广州番禺在抓娃娃机领域已经足以统领世界，全球十台抓娃娃机里，就有九台来自广州番禺。

和抓娃娃机的发展路径相似，上世纪 60 年代，全世界第一台全自动按摩椅诞生在日本，台商将其引入内地，在福建福安县投资创立了按摩椅工厂。从此，福安凭借按摩椅产业，包揽了市面上超过一半的全自动按摩椅。

福建出名的县城还有很多，德化陶瓷、安溪铁观音不必多说，国民男装品牌利郎、七匹狼、九牧王和安踏、361° 两大鞋类品牌也来自福建的石狮、晋江两个县市。

除了东南沿海，中国的北方和东北地区也不乏产业突出的县城。

辽宁兴城是国内最大的泳装生产基地，占全国泳装市场销售额的 40%；河北清河虽不产羊，却成为全国最大的羊绒产业集聚地；被誉为“中国箱包之都”的河北白沟，一年生产 8 亿只箱包；全国每生产三条毛巾，就有一条产自河北高阳。

在河北，还有一个神奇的地级市沧州，下辖的每个县市都有一块金字产业招牌。

工业生产离不开的“减速机之乡”坐落在吴桥，“弯头管件之都”地处孟村，“五金机电生产基地”位于南皮，还有海兴这座“中国东方餐具城”，包揽了我们每天都在使用的不锈钢餐具。

河间不止有火烧，还有远近闻名的工艺玻璃、电线电缆生产基地；青县不止有红木家具，还有众多国际品牌化妆刷的幕后代工厂集散地，美妆博主人手一套的“沧州化妆刷”正是来自这里。

04

三个小县城的全国生意

中国县域产业对全国的影响，可以分成两种形式。

第一种是凭借区位优势，在县城里形成特色产业，产品流通向国内和世界各地。第二种则是县城人口向外流动，建立起流动的产业带，发展成“同乡同业”的品牌。

当你走在街上，想要寻找一家麦当劳的时候，很可能已经路过了一家杨国福麻辣烫、一家张亮麻辣烫和九家沙县小吃。

这三家小吃店从哈尔滨宾县和三明沙县起家，发展到如今遍地开花，就是县域流动产业的代表。

根据百度地图的开放数据，这三家小吃店在各省市均有门店分布。其中，沙县小吃共有 36980 家门店，杨国福麻辣烫和张亮麻辣烫分别有 5555 和 5802 家门店。

与此同时，麦当劳在中国才刚刚突破 4000 家门店。

改革开放后，中国出现了规模庞大的外出务工潮。早期外出的乡民，主要依托亲缘、乡缘、地缘等社会关系网络寻找就业机会，同乡、亲戚在同一行业工作的现象十分普遍。

沙县小吃和宾县麻辣烫的发扬光大，也都遵循着“一人发现财富密码，带动一群老乡外出赚钱”的路径。

像这样“同乡同业”的扩散型县域产业带，还发生在餐饮以外的许多行业。

十年前，北京大学的博士生冯军旗发现一个有趣的现象——学校里大部分复印店的老板都是湖南新化人。于是，他对新化人在北京 8 所高校复印产业中的市场份额做了一个实证调查。

结果显示，高校里的复印市场越大，新化人的市场占有率越高，有着 31 家复印店的北京大学，新化人的市场占有率高达 77%。

整体上看，新化人在北京高校复印店所占的市场份额为 65%，也具有明显的优势地位。冯军旗把这种以湖南新化人为主体而形成的产业扩散的经济现象称为“新化现象” 。

到 2021 年，已经有超过 20 万的新化人从事文印产业，在全国 600 多个城市，开设了超过 6 万家文印店。现在离你最近的十家文印店，可能就有七家是新化老板开的。

这三个小县城的全国生意，只是中国县域流动产业的小小一隅。类似的传奇故事，还可以在许多地方找到。

比如，中国影视业有“影视灯光半鄢陵”之说，河南鄢陵县的灯光师从业者多达六七千人；河南夏邑县的烟酒商人遍布全国，10 万烟酒老乡占领了省会三分之一的烟酒店份额 。

而无论是流动的产业带，还是相对集中的产业集群，都还只是中国县域经济的一个缩影。所以说，永远不要小看中国县城的力量。

此时此刻，就有无数县城里的普通人，凭借勤劳、智慧和坚守，在“隐秘的角落”里干出一番全国领先的事业，一不小心就超越了在大城市的工位上躺尸摸鱼的你。

Among the thousands of counties in China, there are still many low-key counties, silently contracting the living needs of the people of the whole country with characteristic industries. No matter where you go, you cannot do without their existence.

A carnival of "I would rather have a bed in Caoxian than a suite in Shanghai" drew people's attention to the Hanfu and coffin industry in Caoxian, Shandong. In fact, among the thousands of counties in China, there are still many low-key counties, silently contracting the living needs of the people of the whole country with characteristic industries. No matter where you go, you cannot do without their existence.

01

How strong can a county in China be?

Without the prosperity of Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, it is not as good as the upper reaches of the Greater Bay Area. Small counties in China have always been far away from the center of the Internet.

However, if China's county towns work hard, a bunch of provincial capital cities will be ashamed.

According to the "2020 China's Top 100 County Economics Research" released by CCID Consulting, in 2019, Kunshan City, Jiangsu Province ranked C in the strong county with a GDP exceeding 400 billion yuan, surpassing the GDP of Lanzhou, Hohhot and other provincial capitals in one fell swoop. In 2020, Kunshan's GDP continued to grow steadily, reaching 427.676 billion yuan.

Behind the huge GDP, the rapid economic growth cannot be separated from the dependence on industrial manufacturing. This most powerful county in China has dominated the top 100 counties for more than ten consecutive years. What industries does it rely on?

Different from the industrial added value included in the GDP, the industrial output value reflects the overall level of industrial development more intuitively. In Kunshan, the largest industrial cluster is the IT industry with an industrial output value of 100 billion.

When it comes to IT, people often only know Shenzhen, the "Silicon Valley of China". But as early as 1995, the world's top five notebook manufacturers set up factories in Kunshan, and soon formed a complete IT industry chain.

Around 2010, Kunshan notebook computer production reached its peak, and every third computer in the world was made in Kunshan. However, with the transformation and upgrading of notebook computer manufacturing, Kunshan has experienced the pain of production capacity transfer.

Ten years later, although Kunshan is no longer the world's largest notebook computer production base, it has gathered a group of high-end electronic information enterprises and developed into one of the important electronic information production bases in China and even the world.

In 2020, Kunshan's total industrial output value exceeded one trillion yuan for the first time, becoming the first county-level city in the "Trillion Club" of China's total industrial output value. Half of this is due to the IT industry.

02

Three East China Provinces

Relying on these county industries to get out of the circle

After talking about Kunshan, Jiangsu, it is impossible not to mention the three provinces in East China, where there are many strong counties. As a major manufacturing province, "bulk" Jiangsu is not a false name. It has won 1/4 of the seats in the top 100 counties, and the second and third are Zhejiang and Shandong.

What are the advantages of the three provinces with the most top 100 counties? The answer may be hidden in the distinctive county industrial belts.

We counted the county-level industrial belts in Alibaba's nearly 200 industrial belts across the country. The most popular in the e-commerce market is the Yiwu industrial belt in Zhejiang. Yiwu, known as the "world supermarket", is famous for its small commodity economy.

Next door to Yiwu, Datang Town in Zhuji City is known as the "Hometown of China's Socks Industry". The annual output of socks here accounts for 70% of the country's total and 30% of the world's. Zhuji Shanxiahu Town, famous for its pearl production, is the world's largest freshwater pearl production, processing and distribution center.

Yongjia County, which is under the jurisdiction of Wenzhou, has no name, but it has three listed companies in the field of shoes and clothing: Aokang, Annunciation Bird and Red Dragonfly. In addition, Yongjia is also the "Button Capital of China". A button factory in Qiaotou Town, Yongjia can manufacture 2 to 3 million buttons every day, and more than 60% of the world's buttons come from here.

Another "global champion" is hidden in Hangji Town, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, which is the world's largest production base for hotel daily necessities.

Whether you stay in a five-star hotel or an express chain, you can always see the place of origin of Yangzhou Hangji on the packaging of disposable dental appliances. The well-known toothpaste brands Liangmianzhen and Colgate are both stationed in Hangji Town.

In 2016, the toothbrushes produced in Hangji Town accounted for more than 80% of the domestic market and more than 30% of the international market. That is to say, one out of every three toothbrushes in the world comes from Hangji.

In Shandong, in addition to the well-known "90% of all coffins in Japan are produced in Cao County", Shandong's county is still dominated by machinery manufacturing. Jimo's automotive equipment and Tengzhou's small and medium-sized CNC machine tools have been included in the 2021 list of Shandong Province's characteristic industrial clusters.

03

these counties

contracted your necessities

In China, the expansion of the scale and spatial agglomeration of township enterprises, which in turn promotes the formation of various industrial clusters, are the main models for the development of county-level characteristic industries.

In addition to the county towns of the three powerful provinces in East China, there are many counties with their own unique industrial clusters. They may not be able to create much industrial output value, but they have contracted people's daily life.

For example, in Guangdong Province, which ranks low in the list of top 100 counties due to the removal of counties into districts, the manufacturing industry is actually not weak.

In the early days of reform and opening up, fashionable clothing from Hong Kong was sold on Humen's "foreign goods street", attracting a large number of customers from surrounding streets and towns. Humen's clothing trade has become famous and has maintained the largest clothing industry scale in the country.

In addition to the well-known "China Home Appliances Capital" Shunde and "China Lighting Capital" Zhongshan Ancient Town, Guangdong also has some king industries that make children's eyes shine.

Chenghai, located in Shantou, Guangdong, is known as the "barometer" and "wind vane" of the Chinese toy market. The annual output value of the toy industry belt here exceeds 50 billion yuan, and more than 70% are exported abroad.

In the 1990s, Taiwanese manufacturers introduced the production technology of the claw machine from Japan, and moved the production workshop to Panyu, Guangdong, where rent and labor costs are lower, and the claw machine has since entered China.

Today, Guangzhou Panyu is enough to lead the world in the field of claw machines. Nine of the ten claw machines in the world are from Panyu, Guangzhou.

Similar to the development path of the claw machine, in the 1960s, the world's first fully automatic massage chair was born in Japan. Taiwanese businessmen introduced it to the mainland and invested in a massage chair factory in Fu'an County, Fujian. Since then, with the massage chair industry, Fuan has swept more than half of the fully automatic massage chairs on the market.

There are still many famous county towns in Fujian. Needless to say, Dehua Ceramics and Anxi Tieguanyin, the national men's clothing brands Lilang, Septwolves, Jiumuwang and Anta, and 361°, two major footwear brands also come from Fujian's Shishi and Jinjiang counties and cities.

In addition to the southeast coast, China's northern and northeastern regions also have county towns with prominent industries.

Liaoning Xingcheng is the largest swimwear production base in China, accounting for 40% of the national swimwear market sales; Hebei Qinghe does not produce sheep, but it has become the country's largest cashmere industry gathering place; Hebei Baibai, known as the "China luggage capital" Gou, which produces 800 million bags a year; for every three towels produced in the country, one is produced in Gaoyang, Hebei.

In Hebei, there is also a magical prefecture-level city, Cangzhou. Every county and city under its jurisdiction has a golden industry signboard.

The "Hometown of Reducers", which is inseparable from industrial production, is located in Wuqiao, the "Capital of Elbow Pipe Fittings" is located in Mengcun, the "Hardware and Electromechanical Production Base" is located in Nanpi, and Haixing, the "China Oriental Tableware City" , which covers the stainless steel tableware we use every day.

Hejian not only has fire, but also has a well-known craft glass, wire and cable production base; Qingxian not only has mahogany furniture, but also a distribution center for many international brands of makeup brushes behind the scenes. Brush" comes from here.

04

National business in three small counties

The influence of China's county-level industries on the whole country can be divided into two forms.

The first is to form a characteristic industry in the county by virtue of its location advantage, and the products are distributed to the country and all over the world. The second is the outward flow of population from the county seat, establishing a mobile industrial belt and developing into a brand of "common township and industry".

When you are walking down the street looking for a McDonald's, you may have passed by Yang Guofu Malatang, Zhang Liang Malatang and Jiujia Shaxian Snacks.

These three snack bars started out in Bin County and Sanmingsha County in Harbin, and have now blossomed everywhere. They are the representatives of the mobile industry in the county.

According to the open data of Baidu Maps, these three snack bars have stores in various provinces and cities. Among them, Shaxian Snacks has 36,980 stores, Yang Guofu Malatang and Zhang Liang Malatang have 5,555 and 5,802 stores respectively.

Meanwhile, McDonald's has only just broken through 4,000 stores in China.

After the reform and opening up, there has been a huge wave of migrant workers in China. Villagers who went out in the early days mainly relied on social networks such as kinship, hometown, and geography to find employment opportunities. It is very common for fellow villagers and relatives to work in the same industry.

The development of Shaxian Snacks and Binxian Mala Tang also followed the path of "one person discovers the wealth code and drives a group of fellow villagers to go out to make money".

Such a diffusion-type county-level industrial belt of "community and industry" also occurs in many industries other than catering.

Ten years ago, Feng Junqi, a doctoral student at Peking University, discovered an interesting phenomenon—most of the photocopying shops in the school are owned by people from Xinhua, Hunan. Therefore, he made an empirical investigation on the market share of Xinhua people in the photocopying industry of 8 universities in Beijing.

The results show that the larger the copy market in colleges and universities, the higher the market share of Xinhua people. Peking University has 31 copy shops, and the market share of Xinhua people is as high as 77%.

On the whole, the market share of Xinhua people in Beijing university copy shops is 65%, and it also has a clear dominant position. Feng Junqi called this economic phenomenon of industrial diffusion formed by Hunan xinhua people as the "xinhua phenomenon".

By 2021, there will be more than 200,000 Xinhua people engaged in the printing industry, and more than 60,000 printing shops have been opened in more than 600 cities across the country. Seven of the ten printing shops closest to you now may be opened by the boss of Xinhua.

The national business of these three small counties is only a small part of the mobile industry in China's counties. Similar legends can also be found in many places.

For example, there is a saying in China's film and television industry that "film and television lighting is half Yanling". There are as many as 6,000 or 7,000 lighting engineers in Yanling County, Henan Province; tobacco and alcohol merchants in Xiayi County, Henan are all over the country, and 100,000 tobacco and alcohol villagers have occupied three provincial capitals. 1/1 of the smoke hotel share.

Whether it is a mobile industrial belt or a relatively concentrated industrial cluster, it is only a microcosm of China's county economy. So, never underestimate the power of Chinese county towns.

At this moment, there are ordinary people in countless counties who, by virtue of their diligence, wisdom and perseverance, have done a nationally leading cause in a "hidden corner", and they have accidentally surpassed lying on their workstations in big cities. You are a corpse.